Active and Passive Voice
Kalimat aktif (active voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya melakukan pekerjaan, sebaliknya, kalimat pasif (passive voice) adalah kalimat dimana subject-nya dikenai pekerjaan oleh object kalimat. Active voice lebih sering digunakan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari dibandingkan dengan passive voice. Namun demikian, sering kita temukan passive voice di surat-surat kabar, artikel-artikel di majalah-majalah dan tulisan-tulisan ilmiah. Passive voice digunakan karena object dari active voice merupakan informasi yang lebih penting dibandingkan dengan subject-nya.Contoh :
- Active : We fertilize the soil every 6 months
- Passive: The soil is fertilized by us every 6 months
- Object dari active voice (the soil) menjadi subject dari passive voice
- Subject dari active voice (we) menjadi object dari passive voice. Perhatikan pula bahwa terjadi perubahan dari subject pronoun ‘we’ menjadi object pronoun ‘us’.
- Verb1 (fertilize) pada active voice menjadi verb3 (fertilized) pada passive voice.
- Ditambahkannya be ‘is’ di depan verb3. Be yang digunakan adalah tergantung pada subject passive voice dan tenses yang digunakan. (Perhatikan pola-pola passive voice di bawah).
- Ditambahkannya kata ‘by’ di belakang verb3. Namun, jika object dari passive voice dianggap tidak penting atau tidak diketahui, maka object biasanya tidak dikemukakan dan begitu pula kata ‘by’.
- Khusus untuk kalimat-kalimat progressive (present, past, past perfect, future, past future, dan past future perfect continuous, perlu menambahkan ‘being’ di depan verb3). Kalau tidak ditambahkan “being”, tensisnya akan berubah, bukan progressive/continuous lagi. Perhatikan contoh-contoh pada poin h – o di bawah.
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Subject + be + Verb3 +
by + Object + modifier
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a. Jika active voice dalam simple present tense, maka ‘be’ passive voice-nya adalah is, am atau are.
Contoh:
- Active : He meets them everyday.
- Passive : They are met by him everyday.
- Active : She waters this plant every two days.
- Passive : This plant is watered by her every two days.
Contoh:
- Active : He met them yesterday
- Passive : They were met by him yesterday
- Active : She watered this plant this morning
- Passive : This plant was watered by her this morning
Contoh:
- Active : He has met them
- Passive : They have been met by him
- Active : She has watered this plant for 5 minutes.
- Passive : This plant has been watered by her for 5 minutes.
Contoh:
- Active : He had met them before I came.
- Passive : They had been met by him before I came.
- Active : She had watered this plant for 5 minutes when I got here
- Passive : This plant had been watered by her for 5 minutes when I got here
Contoh:
- Active : He will meet them tomorrow.
- Passive : They will be met by him tomorrow.
- Active : She will water this plant this afternoon.
- Passive : This plant will be watered by her this afternoon.
- Active : The farmers are going to harvest the crops next week
- Passive : The crops are going to be harvested by the farmers next week.
Contoh:
- Active : He will have met them before I get there tomorrow.
- Passive : They will have been met by him before I get there tomorrow.
- Active : She will have watered this plant before I get here this afternoon.
- Passive : This plant will have been watered by her before I get here this afternoon.
Contoh:
- Active : He would have met them.
- Passive : They would have been met by him.
- Active : She would have watered this plant.
- Passive : This plant would have been watered by her.
Contoh:
- Active : He is meeting them now.
- Passive : They are being met by him now.
- Active : She is watering this plant now.
- Passive : This plant is being watered by her now.
Contoh:
- Active : He was meeting them.
- Passive : They were being met by him.
- Active : She was watering this plant.
- Passive : This plant was being watered by her.
Contoh:
- Active : He has been meeting them.
- Passive : They have been being met by him.
- Active : She has been watering this plant.
- Passive : This plant has been being watered by her.
Contoh:
- Active : He had been meeting them.
- Passive : They had been being met by him.
- Active : She had been watering this plant.
- Passive : This plant had been being watered by her.
Contoh:
- Active : He will be meeting them.
- Passive : They will be being met by him.
- Active : She will be watering this plant.
- Passive : This plant will be being watered by her.
Contoh:
- Active : He would be meeting them.
- Passive : They would be being met by him.
- Active : She would be watering this plant.
- Passive : This plant would be being watered by her.
Contoh:
- Active : He will have been meeting them.
- Passive : They will have been being met by him.
- Active : She will have been watering this plant.
- Passive : This plant will have been being watered by her.
Contoh:
- Active : He would be meeting them.
- Passive : They would be being met by him.
- Active : She would be watering this plant.
- Passive : This plant would be being watered by her
IF CLAUSE
Dalam
bahasa Inggris, conditional sentences pada umumnya memiliki ciri-ciri sebagai
berikut:
a.
digunakannya kata if dalam anak kalimat (subordinate clause). Karena
clause ini diawali oleh if maka disebut if clause.
b.
digunakannya modal auxiliary, seperti will, can, may,
must, would, could, might, etc. pada pokok kalimat (main clause).
Conditional
sentences dikelompokkan menjadi 2 tipe, yaitu: real conditional dan unreal/contrary
to fact. Tulisan ini khusus membahas real conditionals.
Real conditionals (factual / habitual /
hypothetical / future possible)
Kalimat
pengandaian tipe ini digunakan untuk mengekpresikan situasi atau aktivitas yang
biasanya terjadi atau akan terjadi jika situasi pada if clause
terpenuhi. Dengan kata lain, apa yang diandaikan itu memiliki peluang untuk
terjadi atau menjadi kenyataan.
Sebagai
contoh, ketika seorang teman mengajak saya, apakah malam ini saya mau nonton
atau tidak, saya mungkin katakan:
- If I have the time, I will go. (Jika saya punya waktu, saya akan pergi).
Kalimat
ini secara implisit juga berarti,
- If I don’t have the time, I will not go. (Jika saya tidak punya waktu, saya tidak akan pergi).
Penggunaan real conditionals
Kalimat
pengandaian tipe ini dapat digunakan untuk menyatakan:
a. Future time
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If
+ S + present tense, S +
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will
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+
Verb1
|
|
can
|
||
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may
|
||
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must
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Note: if clause
bisa diletakkan di depan kalimat (seperti formula di atas), bisa juga
diletakkan di belakang setelah main clause. Ini tidak merubah arti kalimat.
Dengan catatan, jika if clause diletakkan di belakang, tanda koma tidak
diperlukan.
Contoh:
- If I have the money, I will give it to you. (Jika saya punya uangnya, saya akan memberikannya kepada kamu).
- If you keep driving on this speed, we may arrive at home before 10 p.m. (Jika kamu terus nyetir mobil pada kecepatan ini, kita mungkin tiba di rumah sebelum jam 10 malam).
- I can pass this subject if I study hard. (Saya dapat lulus mata kuliah ini, jika saya belajar giat).
- You must bring
an umbrella if I you don’t want to get wet. (Kamu harus membawa payung,
jika kamu tidak ingin basah (kehujanan) b. Habitual (kebiasaan/habit)
If + S + verb1, S + verb1Note: Dalam formula ini, modal auxiliary tidak digunakan.Contoh:
- If Budi has enough time, he usually walks to campus. (Jika Budi punya cukup waktu, dia biasanya jalan kaki ke kampus).
- I usually watch football on TV every Saturday night if I do not fall asleep. (Saya biasanya nonton sepakbola di TV tiap Sabtu malam jika saya tidak tertidur).
- If he has money, he always treats us. (Jika dia punya uang, dia selalu mentraktir kita).
c. Command (perintah)
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If
+ S + verb1, S + verb1
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Contoh:
- If you finish with your work, please help me. (Jika kamu selesai dengan pekerjaanmu, tolong bantu saya).
- Please give me a cigarette if you don’t mind. (Tolong beri saya sepuntung rokok, jika kamu tidak keberatan).
- If you have time, please meet me in my office. (Jika kamu punya waktu, tolong temui saya di kantor saya).
SUMBER : http://gultomhans.wordpress.com/2011/03/31/conditional-sentence-if-clause/
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